History's Greatest Crimes

Episode 3 - Democracy in the Dark: COINTELRPO and The 1971 Break-In That Changed America

• Michael and Alana • Season 1 • Episode 3

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We uncover the shocking story of the 1971 FBI office break-in that exposed COINTELPRO, a secret program that surveilled and disrupted American citizens exercising their constitutional rights.

• Eight ordinary citizens formed the Citizens Commission to Investigate the FBI
• While Muhammad Ali fought Joe Frazier, activists broke into the Media, Pennsylvania FBI office
• More than 1,000 classified documents were stolen, revealing widespread illegal surveillance
• COINTELPRO targeted civil rights leaders, Black nationalists, and anti-war protesters
• Tactics included infiltration, psychological warfare, and even operations that led to deaths
• The FBI actively worked to prevent "the rise of a Black messiah" who could unify communities
• Fred Hampton of the Black Panther Party was assassinated in an FBI-coordinated raid
• Revelations led to the Church Committee investigations and significant intelligence reforms
• The burglars remained anonymous for over 40 years before finally revealing themselves
• Their actions fundamentally changed how Americans view government power and accountability

Join us next time as we continue to explore the hidden stories that shaped our world in ways you never learned in history class.


Speaker 1:

Ever pulled an all-nighter cramming for a test? Or maybe you've bent the rules a little to get something you really wanted? We've all been there right. But what if bending the rules meant taking on the most powerful law enforcement agency in the country?

Speaker 2:

That's exactly what happened in 1971. Forget your textbook history for a second. We're diving into a story that's more Ocean's Eleven than Constitutional Convention, but with way bigger stakes. Welcome back to History's Greatest Crimes. The show that proves truth is stranger, and often more thrilling, than fiction. I'm Michael.

Speaker 1:

And I'm Elena Picture this, march 8th 1971. Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier are about to go toe-to-toe in the fight of the century. The whole world is glued to their TVs right. Fight of the century the whole world is glued to their TVs, right. But while everyone's distracted by this epic showdown, a handful of ordinary people we're talking college professors, a daycare director, even a cab driver are about to pull off the heist of the century.

Speaker 2:

These weren't your typical criminals. They called themselves the Citizens Commission to Investigate the FBI, and their target wasn't a bank vault or a jewelry store. It was an FBI field office in a sleepy little town called Media Pennsylvania. Why? Because they believed the FBI, under the iron fist of director J Edgar Hoover, was up to something seriously shady.

Speaker 1:

And they were right. See, back then the FBI was seen as untouchable, Hoover was practically a legend. But this group of activists were willing to risk everything to expose the truth, fueled by a sense that something was deeply wrong in America. They saw the Vietnam War protests and civil right marches, the crack down by authorities and a social society on the brink of falling apart.

Speaker 2:

So while Ali and Frazier were trading blows in the biggest boxing match in decades, these unlikely burglars broke into an FBI office and made off with over a thousand classified documents. And what they found in those files? Pure informational dynamite. We're talking about a secret program called COINTELPRO and, trust us, the name is the least weird thing about it.

Speaker 1:

COINTELPRO was basically the FBI's secret war on American citizens. We're not talking about spies or terrorists. We're talking about activists, protesters, anyone who dared to challenge the status quo. The FBI was using illegal tactics surveillance, intimidation, even smear campaigns to silence dissent, and it was all happening right under our noses.

Speaker 2:

So how did a group of everyday citizens manage to expose one of the most powerful organizations in the world? What did they find in those stolen files and how did their actions chase the course of American history?

Speaker 1:

Join us as we unpack this incredible story of courage, conspiracy and the fight for truth. We'll dive into the turbulent world of the 1970s, explore the dark side of J Edgar Hoover's FBI and meet the unlikely heroes who dared to say enough is enough.

Speaker 2:

This is one story you won't find in your average history book. Get ready to get your mind blown. This is history's greatest crimes.

Speaker 1:

Before we get to the details of the break-in and COINTELPRO, we need to fully understand the backdrop of that night the fight of the century between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier.

Speaker 2:

Exactly March 8, 1971 wasn't just any night. The world was captivated by the fight of the century, the boxing match between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier. It was a cultural event that seemed to symbolize the political hostilities of a country divided over the Vietnam War and race relations.

Speaker 1:

That's right. The fight provided cover for the activist group the Citizens Commission to investigate the FBI to successfully pull off a burglary at an FBI office in Media Pennsylvania. The burglars hoped that security guards would be distracted by listening to radio coverage of the fight. Live video coverage was limited to closed-circuit ticket holders. Those without tickets had to rely on radio stations for updates after each round.

Speaker 2:

And one reason the activists chose this particular night was because Muhammad Ali himself, the lightning rod of controversy many had felt was treated unfairly and would later prove to have been targeted by COINTELPRO.

Speaker 1:

Exactly To understand why we need to delve into the history of COINTELPRO.

Speaker 2:

COINTELPRO is short for Counterintelligence Program, and it was initiated by the FBI in 1956. While the FBI had used covert operations against domestic political groups since its inception, the official COINTELPRO label took place between 1956 and 1971.

Speaker 1:

The program's initial aim was to undermine the operations of the Communist Party of the United States. However, in the 1960s its scope expanded to include other domestic factions that they thought were linked or being controlled by communist outsiders.

Speaker 2:

So what groups made this list?

Speaker 1:

Groups such as the Ku Klux Klan, the Socialist Workers Party and the Black Panther Party.

Speaker 2:

So why was the Black Panther Party then a target?

Speaker 1:

Well, according to FBI documents, one of the purposes of COINTELPRO was to quote expose, disrupt, misdirect, discredit or otherwise neutralize the activities of the Black nationalists end quote. The FBI wanted to prevent quote the rise of a black messiah, end quote. And after Martin Luther King Jr's assassination in 1968, their attention shifted to Huey P Newton, head of the Black Panthers.

Speaker 2:

What kind of tactics did COINTELPRO employ?

Speaker 1:

According to attorney Brian Glick, the FBI used five main methods during COINTELPRO. First, infiltration Agents and informers spied on political activists with the purpose of discrediting and disrupting action. Two psychological warfare the FBI planted false media stories and published bogus leaflets and the name of targeting groups. Three harassment via the legal system, in the sense that the FBI and police abuse the legal system to harass dissidents and make them appear to be criminals. And also a legal force the FBI conspired with local police departments to threaten dissidents and commit illegal break-ins. And finally, it just undermined public opinion. The FBI challenged the reputations of organizations and denied them a platform to gain legitimacy.

Speaker 2:

It sounds like a comprehensive effort to suppress dissent.

Speaker 1:

It was, and that brings us back to the break-in on the night of the Ali-Fraser fight. It was, and that brings us back to the break-in on the night of the Ali-Fraser fight. While they fought in this charged political and racial climate, a plan to expose the FBI was taking place in a small office in Media Pennsylvania. So we've set the stage right it's 1971. The country is obsessed with this epic showdown between Ali and Frazier which, as we've seen, was about way more than just boxing. It was like this massive cultural fault line, exposing all the tensions simmering beneath the surface of American society race, the Vietnam War, what it even meant to be patriotic.

Speaker 2:

Exactly, and against this backdrop, the fight of the century. You've got this growing sense of unease, this feeling that something isn't quite right. The Vietnam War is raging on, protests are seemingly everywhere, and then you have these shocking events like the Kent State shootings. In May of 1970, National Guard troops open-fired on unarmed student protesters at Kent State University, killing four and wounding nine. That event sent shockwaves across the nation.

Speaker 1:

And let's not forget the Jackson State killings, which happened just 10 days after Kent State Police opened fire on a group of black students at Jackson State College in Mississippi, killing two and injuring 12. It's important to note that the Jackson State incident received significantly less media attention than Kent State, highlighting the racial disparities that existed and continue to exist, and how protests and police violence are covered. It becomes pretty clear that if you are a person of color or if you protested the Vietnam War, then you were seen as an enemy of the state and a target for COINTELPRO.

Speaker 2:

Right, this growing distrust of the government, fueled by political assassinations, like you had mentioned earlier. I mean the 1960s saw the assassinations of John F Kennedy, martin Luther King Jr, malcolm X and Robert F Kennedy. These weren't just political figures, they were symbols of hope and change for many Americans and their deaths left a deep scar on the national psyche. For example, martin Luther King Jr's assassination in 1968 led to riots in over 100 cities across the United States, with nearly 40 deaths nationwide and over 2,500 injuries.

Speaker 1:

It's in this atmosphere of fear, unrest and suspicion that the FBI under J Edgar Hoover was operating. And, as we mentioned before, this wasn't the FBI we see in TV shows today. Hoover was a towering figure, practically untouchable. The FBI had this squeaky clean image, but behind the scenes they were up to some seriously questionable stuff. The Citizens Commission to investigate the FBI had a hunch that something was very wrong. To them, the government was starting to look more and more like a criminal enterprise.

Speaker 2:

And it turns out they were right, thanks to their actions. We know all about COINTELPRO. It wasn't just about keeping tabs on people. We're talking about active disruption, harassment and even framing innocent people. We now know that the FBI had over 500,000 subversives, including people of color and anti-war protesters, under investigation at the time. They were targeting groups across the political spectrum, from civil rights organizations to anti-war groups, even the women's liberation movement. About 25% of COINTELPRO's operations were used against Black nationalist groups.

Speaker 1:

One of the things that really gets me is how they used paranoia as a weapon. Documents from the time showed that the FBI was actively trying to create the sense that everyone was being watched, that there was an FBI agent behind every mailbox Can you imagine living like that? And they were specifically targeting Black communities. Documents show that FBI agents were required to have informants providing information about Black Americans every two weeks, with a particular focus on quote ghetto areas, with the goal of gathering intelligence on 7,500 prominent Black nationalists across the country. This was truly blanket surveillance of African-American people.

Speaker 2:

And this wasn't some rogue organization or operation. Cointelpro was a systematic, organized effort to suppress national dissent, and it was happening on a massive scale. It's a chilling reminder of what can happen when a government agency operates without accountability, without checks and without balances. The FBI was actively trying to silence anyone who was deemed a threat.

Speaker 1:

So on this night, march 8th 1971, everyone's eyes and ears were glued to the Ollie Frazier fight, including the security at the FBI. As Frazier won by a unanimous decision over 15 grueling rounds, the Citizens Committee took their chance.

Speaker 2:

They were ordinary people professors, cab driver, a daycare director but they were driven by a powerful belief that the American people deserve to know what their government was doing in their name, and their actions that night would have far-reaching consequences, consequences we're still grappling with today, Next up we'll dive into the details of the break-in itself, how they planned it, how they pulled it off and what they found when they finally cracked open those FBI files.

Speaker 1:

You won't want to miss it.

Speaker 2:

Welcome back. So we've talked about the why and the social and political climate that fueled this whole thing. Now let's get into the who, the actual people who dared to break into an FBI office. We're not talking about James Bond or Jason Bourne here. These were ordinary folks. They called themselves the Citizens Commission to investigate the FBI.

Speaker 1:

Exactly, and leading this unlikely crew was a physics professor from Haverford College named William Bill Davidon. This guy was considered the mastermind of the whole operation. And then you have Bonnie Raines, a mother of three, and her husband, john Raines, a religion professor at Temple University. John had experience with the civil rights movement, even participated in the Freedom Rides, so it's safe to assume that he was committed to social justice. If you don't know, the Freedom Rides were a series of protests in 1961 during which civil rights activists rode interstate buses into the segregated South to challenge the non-enforcement of Supreme Court decisions that had ruled already that segregated buses were unconstitutional. Segregated buses were unconstitutional. This resulted in violence from white mobs and hundreds of arrests, ultimately leading to the desegregation of interstate buses.

Speaker 2:

And let's not forget Keith Forsyth, the designated lockpicker. I mean, of course, every good heist needs a good lockpicker right. It's fascinating how this diverse group of people with different skills and backgrounds came together for this one common goal. They believed that the FBI was abusing its power and that the government was lying about the Vietnam and something had to be done. By that point, approximately 58,000 American soldiers had died in the Vietnam War, along with an estimated 2 million Vietnamese civilians and over 1 million North Vietnamese and Viet Cong fighters. These ordinary citizens felt that the protests at the time were not making much of a difference and that the government was covering up the truth, even committing crimes against its own people.

Speaker 1:

They weren't in it for money or fame. They were willing to risk everything their careers, their freedom, even their lives to expose what they saw as a massive injustice. It was about principle, about holding the powerful accountable, as they said themselves. They were prepared to quote sacrifice their careers and risk criminal prosecution and imprisonment. I personally can't even imagine the pressure they were under.

Speaker 2:

And their plan was, frankly, brilliant. They spent months casing the FBI office in Media Pennsylvania. Bonnie Raines even posed as a college student doing a project to get inside and scope out the place and get this. She actually discovered that the office was surprisingly low security, no alarms, unlocked file cabinets. It was almost too easy unlocked file cabinets.

Speaker 1:

It was almost too easy. They were meticulous, though. They studied the patterns of police patrols, the layout of the building, everything. And they chose the night of the Ollie Frazier fight for a reason they figured everyone, including the security guards, would be glued to their TVs or radios. It was a gamble, but it was a calculated one. It shows how important that fight was to the nation.

Speaker 2:

And boy did it pay off. On March 8th 1971, while the world was watching the Ali and Frazier duke it out in the ring, these activists slipped into the FBI office and took everything Over 1,000 documents. They cleaned out the place, leaving barely anything for the FBI to salvage. Cleaned out the place, leaving barely anything for the FBI to salvage. It was a bold move. It was very risky. So the FBI eventually investigates what they called the so-called Media 28, the name they originally gave to the burglary, but later suspected that the Citizens Commission might have been the same people involved in the Camden 28 case. The Camden 28 was a group of anti-war activists who were arrested in 1971 for attempting to destroy draft records in Camden, new Jersey. Their trial became a major event in the anti-war movement.

Speaker 1:

But they weren't just grabbing files randomly. They had a clear purpose. They wanted to find evidence of the FBI's illegal activities. And boy did they find it Surveillance, harassment. The whole COINTELPRO operation was operating, it seems, outside the law and without guardrails. They found that the FBI was more interested in going after protesters and activists than in tackling real crime like war, profiteering or organized crime. They set out to prove that the FBI was abusing its power by leaking the information that they stole from that office in Pennsylvania. In a statement sent to a journalist, the committee made it clear that they wanted to expose the FBI's use of eavesdropping, entrapment and the use of provocateurs.

Speaker 2:

These people were incredibly brave. They knew they were taking a huge risk, but they believed in what they were doing. They believed that this truth was more important than their own safety.

Speaker 1:

And they were right to believe it, because what they found in those files would shock the nation and change the way we think about government surveillance forever.

Speaker 2:

Next up, we'll unpack the contents of those stolen documents, the secrets of COINTELPRO and the explosive impact they had on American society. Stay tuned.

Speaker 1:

So the Citizens Commission gets away with these files right, and inside they find this treasure trove of documents. And it's not just boring paperwork. We're talking about proof that the FBI was basically waging a secret war on American citizens. These files were like a roadmap to COINTELPRO.

Speaker 2:

Exactly. Cointelpro, which, remember, stands for Counter Intelligence Program, was designed to neutralize any group the FBI considered subversive, and by subversive they basically meant anyone who challenged the government, especially on issues like civil rights or the Vietnam War. The program was established again in 1956 under the guise of protecting national security, but it quickly devolved into a tool for political repression.

Speaker 1:

And the tactics they used Absolutely chilling. We're talking about widespread surveillance, wiretapping, planting informants the whole nine yards. They would infiltrate organizations not just to spy, but to actively sabotage them from the inside, creating distrust and paranoia. The FBI had an estimated 1,500 paid informants, in addition to undercover agents, targeting these groups.

Speaker 2:

And it gets even darker. They used dirty tricks like spreading disinformation, forging documents, sending anonymous letters to try to break up marriages and friendships. They even set up fake activist groups to lure people in and discredit the real movement activist groups to lure people in and discredit the real movement. They fabricated derogatory cartoons and false articles about activists and sent threatening letters to individuals, sometimes signed with fake names or simply a concerned friend.

Speaker 1:

They did it all to create chaos and make these groups look bad or fall apart. One of their main goals was to prevent any effective Black leadership from emerging. It's clear they saw the civil rights movement, and particularly the Black Power movement, as a major threat. The Black Panther Party, for example, was a primary target. Of the 295 documented actions taken by COINTELPRO to disrupt Black groups, 233 were directed against the Black Panther Party.

Speaker 2:

The Black Panther Party was a revolutionary Black rights group, initially founded in Oakland, california, in October of 1966 by Huey P Newton and Bobby Seale. The party was originally named the Black Panther Party for self-defense. The initial impetus for the party formation was to confront rampant police brutality in Oakland, which led them to arm themselves publicly.

Speaker 1:

But beyond their militant stance and demands, the Black Panther Party also implemented community development projects such as the free breakfast program, liberation schools and medical clinics.

Speaker 2:

The FBI considered Black nationalist groups, especially the Black Panther Party, as a major threat to domestic order. A 1970 report described the Panthers as quote the most active and dangerous Black extremist group in the United States. End quote, noting their potential influence within the Black community, particularly among young Black people. Particularly among young Black people, this perception led to quote imaginative and hard-hitting counterintelligence measures aimed at crippling the Black Panther Party. End quote. And that brings us to one of the most tragic examples of COINTELPRO's deadly impact the assassination of Fred Hampton.

Speaker 1:

Fred Hampton was a rising star in the Black Panther Party, a charismatic leader who was building bridges between different minority communities in Chicago. He was only 21 years old and yet was a charismatic speaker and a skilled planner.

Speaker 2:

Through Hampton's leadership, he was able to bring similarly poor and disadvantaged groups together under what they named a Rainbow Coalition. The Rainbow Coalition was a group of alliances, a multiracial, anti-racist organization to challenge Chicago's police brutality, unfair housing practices and to set up mutual protection.

Speaker 1:

Right. As such, the FBI saw Hampton as a serious threat and they worked with the Chicago police to raid his apartment in 1969. With the Chicago police to raid his apartment in 1969. In the early morning hours of December 4, 1969, chicago police, armed with a search warrant, raided Hampton's apartment. They fired over 90 shots, while only one shot was confirmed to have come from inside the apartment.

Speaker 2:

Hampton was shot and killed while he was drugged and sleeping in his bed along with another Panther named Mark Clark. The official story was that it was a shootout, but evidence later emerged suggesting that it was indeed an assassination and that the FBI played a role in it. A federal grand jury later determined that the police had fired somewhere between 82 and 99 shots, while only one shot could be contributed to the Panthers. It was also revealed that FBI informant William O'Neill had provided the police with a detailed floor plan ahead of time of the apartment, including the location of Hampton's bed. He also was likely the one who drugged Hampton.

Speaker 1:

It's a horrifying example of how far COINTELPRO was willing to go to silence dissent. They weren't just disrupting protests, they were involved in operations that led to people's deaths, and remember, hampton was just one of many. Cointelpro targeted all kinds of groups anti-war activists, feminists, even the American Indian movement and the Young Lords, which was a Puerto Rican nationalist group.

Speaker 2:

The FBI, under Hoover's direction, decided unilaterally which groups were dangerous and needed to be neutralized. They violated the constitutional rights of countless Americans, all in the name of national security, and they did it all in secret, with zero accountability, until the Citizens Commission exposed them. Cointelpro also targeted groups like the Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist groups, but these operations were significantly fewer and less aggressive than those directed against black nationalist organizations. While the FBI did target white hate groups under COINTELPRO, the evidence in the sources suggests that black groups face more extensive, intensive and ideological-driven campaigns of surveillance, disruption and neutralization.

Speaker 1:

It's important to remember the scale of this. We're not talking about a few rogue agents. This was a systematic, nationwide program aimed at crushing any form of dissent. It's a dark chapter in American history, and one that we're still coming to terms with today.

Speaker 2:

The actions of the Citizens Commission were incredibly brave. They risked everything to bring this information to light and because of them, the public finally learned the truth about COINTELPRO.

Speaker 1:

And the fallout. That's what we'll get into next the church committee, the investigations, the reforms it all started with those stolen files. Stay with us.

Speaker 2:

So the Citizens Commission doesn't just sit on these explosive documents. They knew they had to get this information out there to the public where it could actually make a difference. So they started anonymously sending copies of the files to various news outlets and even some members of Congress.

Speaker 1:

Right, but most of them were too scared to touch it. I mean, this was taking on the FBI, the most powerful law enforcement agency in the country during the time of J Edgar Hoover. But Betty Metzger, then at the Washington Post, decided to take on the story. She was the first journalist to receive the documents and, after a lot of verification and probably a lot of soul-searching, she published a front-page story on March 24, 1971.

Speaker 2:

And that story was like a bomb going off. Suddenly the whole country was talking about COINTELPRO, this secret program that the FBI had been running to spy on and disrupt American citizens. The public was outraged. People couldn't believe their own government was doing this kind of thing. Senator George McGovern received four of the stolen FBI files from the Citizens Commission. Initially he expressed sympathy for the burglars' motives, but returned the documents to the FBI, urging an investigation into the Bureau's activities.

Speaker 1:

And while that may not have been exactly what the Commission wanted, the revelations led to these huge investigations, most notably the Church Committee in the revelations led to these huge investigations, most notably the Church Committee in the Senate. The Church Committee, officially known as the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, was formed in 1975. It was chaired by Senator Frank Church of Idaho. They uncovered all sorts of shocking stuff, not just about the FBI, but also about the CIA and other intelligence agencies.

Speaker 2:

And because of all this, there were actually some reforms. Cointelpro was officially shut down although, let's be honest, some of those tactics are probably still continued under different names and eventually we got the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, or FISA, which was supposed to put more checks and balances on government surveillance. The FISA Act was passed in 1978. It established procedures for requesting judicial authorization for electronic surveillance in physical searches of persons engaged in espionage or international terrorism against the United States on behalf of a foreign power.

Speaker 1:

But for decades nobody knew who the burglars were. The FBI tried to find them, of course, but they came up empty. It wasn't until 2014, over 40 years later, that some members of the Citizens Commission finally came forward. 40 years later that some members of the Citizens Commission finally came forward, after the statute of limitations had expired, making it impossible to be prosecuted. They did it to coincide with the publication of Betty Medzger's book the Burglary, which tells the whole story of the break in it's amazing, isn't it?

Speaker 2:

This small group of ordinary citizens managed to pull off this incredible feat and they got away with it. Their actions led to the first major overhaul of the FBI since J Edgar Hoover took over in 1924. And it was a turning point. And just a few months after the FBI story broke, the Pentagon Papers the story we covered in a previous episode were leaked, which exposed even more government deception, this time about the Vietnam War. The Pentagon Papers were a top-secret Department of Defense study of US political and military involvement in Vietnam about the years 1945 to 1967. And they were leaked by Daniel Ellsberg, a former military analyst, and published by the New York Times in June of 1971.

Speaker 1:

It felt like this moment where the truth was finally starting to come out and people were realizing that they couldn't always trust what their government was telling them. But the legacy of COINTELPRO is still with us today. We're still having debates about government surveillance, about the balance between national security and civil liberties.

Speaker 2:

And the impact on activist groups is still felt too. Cointelpro created this climate of fear and paranoia that made it much harder for people to organize and fight for change. It's a cautionary tale of what can happen when a government agency operates without real oversight or accountability. Government agency operates without real oversight or accountability. The FBI was actively trying to destroy these groups and ruin people's lives, and they did so for many years.

Speaker 1:

But the Citizens Commission to investigate the FBI showed us that even ordinary people can make a difference. They showed us that it's possible to hold powerful institutions accountable even when it seems impossible. Their actions technically crimes were a powerful reminder that we all have a role to play in protecting our democracy.

Speaker 2:

Right, and the story of the media break-in is a reminder that these issues have always been with us. It's a powerful reminder of how ordinary citizens can hold their government accountable. It's a lesson in the importance of whistleblowing, of speaking truth to power, even when it's risky. Many people compare the actions of the Citizens Commission to those of Edward Snowden, who leaked classified documents about the National Security Agency's surveillance program in 2013.

Speaker 1:

Absolutely, and it's a reminder that democracy requires vigilance. We can't just take it for granted that our government is always going to act in our best interest. We have to be willing to question authority, to demand transparency and to fight for our rights. The fight for freedom and justice never truly ends.

Speaker 2:

That's all for this episode of History's Greatest Crimes.

Speaker 1:

We hope this story has inspired you to think more critically about the world around you and the power that each of us has to make a difference. I'm Alina.

Speaker 2:

And I'm Michael. Until next time, keep questioning. Bye.

People on this episode

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Dr. Alana

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Contributor

Dr. Michael

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